Computer operating systems

Categorization of computers Types of Computers Based on age group based on Size Based on reason.

Computer Generations First Second Third Fourth Fifth Used nothingness tubes, were large, slow and produced a lot of heat, used machine key and punched cards for luggage compartment Used transistors, were less important, sooner and produced less heat, used high level language kind of FORTRAN and needed Magnetic tapes for storage Used integrated circuits, were smaller, more dependable, faster, cheaper, apply high-level languages like BASIC, Operating System introduced Computers of nowadays, uses large scale forward integration circuits, GUI Uses Artificial Intelligence, accepts instructions or commands through voice and interprets the signal.

Computer: Based on Size Mainframe Mini Micro Super Very big and luxurious and are used in offices to store large quantity of information and  do complex processing Mostly used as a server in a Network, urbanized to reduce the cost and size Small PCs, laptops, palmtops, uses silicon microprocessor Large computer, cluster of computers to perform complex, technical calculations Activity name a number of leading vendors who manufacture computers.

Computer: Based on reason Analog Digital Hybrid. These are used work with changing material quantities. Accepts information as input and records but does not perform any complex calculations on it mostly used as a server in a Network, developed trim down the cost and size Small PCs, laptops, palmtops, uses silicon microprocessor Pl tell where these are being used? Thermometers, Speedometers, Wrist Watches etc Business applications, Military, Scientific areas etc Pl tell anywhere these are used? Pl tells where these are being used? Like ECG machine in a hospital

Computer: Based on Purpose EAI Analog Computer (1964) .Computer: Based on reason, Data Processing.

When the data is entered into the computer, it has been processed to give the output.

Depending upon the natural world of the work where it is being used, information undergoes dissimilar types of “Processing” before the captured data gives us meaningful information.

Data Processing:

• In the earlier times, data was entered on punched cards and then processed one behind the other.

• Nowadays the data is processed on the foundation of TIME SHARING in which dissimilar users have ‘access’ to the same computer at the equal time.

Different ways of Data Processing:

ONLINE PROCESSING:

Online processing is at what time processing on the computer takes put at once as soon as the data is entered. Real-time processing is online processing where the data is processed endlessly and without delay, after it has been captured. The output is immediate. Updating is also prompt.

Different ways of Data Processing:

OFFLINE PROCESSING:

Offline processing is at what time processing on the computer takes place on stored data when necessary to get an output. Batch Processing is a type of offline processing where data is stored and process at an afterward stage. Example? Creation of Electricity Bill.

Understanding the Computer method User (HCI) Hardware Software/directive / Program Data / Information.

Understanding the Computer method the chief functions of a computer method are: Input information by user Data capture by the input devices information processing by software, processor Output information through Output Devices Storage of information on Storage Devices for later on use.

Computer method User Data Information Software Hardware Input Devices Processor Output Devices Storage Devices.

Keyboard, Mouse, MICR, Voice acceptance, Joystick, Microphone, Scanner, Digital Camera, Bar Code Reader, Light Pen, Touch Screen, Graphic Tablet, OCR, OMR, Plotter, Input method, CPU Chipset ( CU, ALU, MU), Monitor, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Compact Disc (CD / DVD / VCD), Magnetic Tape, Pen Drive, Headphone, Speakers, Printers. Thin is kind of Computer systems.

1. Input information, 2. Information Capture, 3.Information Processing, 4.Outputting information  user,

5. Storage of information on storage devices for later on use.

Inside the CPU Box:

SMPS, BIOS, Expansion Slots, Ports, Expansion Cards, Mother Board, Mini Fan.

Some Activities:

• List some areas where analog computers are used.

• List some areas somewhere digital computers are used.

• List places where Batch Processing takes place in our day to day life.

• List areas where Real Time Processing takes place in our day to day life.

Some Activities:

• Monitor the internal components of the computer which are attached the motherboard.

• Recognize various ports and name the peripherals of what attaches to where.

Some Activities:

• Understand how to scan documents or photographs.

• Copy them onto a floppy or Compact Disc.

Computer Software Application Software Development Software System Software.

Method Software:

• Windows Operation method

• Linux

Application Software: MS-Office, Flash, Page Maker, Oracle.

Development Software fewer Level Languages high up Level Languages Machine Language Assembly Language LOGO BASIC C++ JAVA etc

Machine Language:

• A set of commands written to communicate with the computer do the needed work.

I understand machine Language of 0 and 1

Assembly Language:

• A set of instructions (symbols: called Mnemonics) written to correspond with the computer to do the needed work.

I understand Add A, B, Halt.

Some High-Level Languages: LOGO, BASIC, C++, JAVA, .NET

Translating programs Assembler predictor Compiler Helps translate assembly language between machine language Helps translate high-level language between machine language, one line code at a time Helps translate high-level language into machine language, displays all the errors at one time. This is another kind of Computer systems.

Computer appeal: Database Management, Programming, Webpage Designing, Multimedia Development.

Utility Software: Antivirus, Scanning, Scan disk, Defragmenter, Speech Recognition.

Activities:

• List down all the system software, application software, and a variety of other software weighed down onto your machine.

Explain their uses. 

Offline-Standby Technology:
 

During normal operation, the power flows directly through the unit and hence only RFI filtering is usually provided. At what time the input voltage fails, fluctuates outer of a pre-set open-mindedness window, the UPS detects this and a communication will close, approve the UPS  start feeding battery power via the inverter. The inverter is then switched on and either a square, step or sine breaker form production is supplied. Upon the come-back of mains power, the output is switched back onto mains and the inverter is turned off. Characteristically there will be a break of between 4-10 ms during the relocate to and from the battery style. 

Advantages: Low price Silent operation (when in standby) well-organized.

Disadvantages: Minimal power protection – only protects against a short percentage of troubles Poor output voltage regulation – fluctuations such as sags and surges will be passed directly to the load Break transfer to battery mode No fail-safe – UPS will drop the load in case there is a high start-up current, overload or inverter breakdown.

Line-Interactive Technology:

• A line-interactive UPS operates in a very alike fashion to an offline UPS, except with the advantage of better filtering and output voltage collaboration/reduce features. Whilst does not eject mains-borne meddling, line-interactive technologies reduce the collision of spikes, surges, and sags by ‘clipping’ the peaks and dale, boosting power or switching to battery back-up. As with offline UPS, at what time the input voltage fails or fluctuates outside of a pre-set broadmindedness window, the UPS detects this and a relay will shut allowing the UPS to start feeding battery power via the inverter. The inverter, in a good line-interactive UPS, will bring in a sine wave output. Upon the return of mains power, the output is switched back onto mains and the power inverter is turned off. As with offline UPS, characteristically there will be a shatter on the transfer to and from battery mode, though typically this will be shorter than with an offline UPS.

• Some producer will attempt to pass their line-interactive UPS off as online models by calling them ‘digital online’, ‘inline’ or ‘online interactive’ – make assured you know what technology the UPS you are buying really uses.

• Advantages: Lower cost than online Gives better defense than offline Silent operation at what time in standby Efficient.

• Disadvantages: Fluctuations, such as spikes, be able to still be passed straight to the load Break on remove to battery mode. No failsafe – UPS will drop the load in case there is a high start-up current, overload or inverter failure.

Uninterruptible power supplies:

• Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) there are devices that maintain the supply of power to a load even while the AC input power is interrupted or disturbed. This is characteristically accomplished by drawing the required power from a stored energy source, for example, a battery. UPSs may also convert free-for-all input power to voltage and frequency-filtered AC power. therefore, the UPS will provide stable power and minimize the effects of electric power supply disturbances and difference.

UPSs are currently found in business, industrial, medical and residential markets. Applications include:

independent computers and computer method, shipboard systems, automated manufacturing, microprocessor- microcontroller-based materials, medical applications, laboratories, analytical systems, robotics, precision motor-speed applications, martial applications, mission-critical fields such as telecommunications and Internet nodes, finance, public health, air traffic control, transport.

Antivirus software:

• Antivirus software formation of computer programs that try to identify, thwart and eliminate computer viruses and several malicious software (malware).

• Antivirus software classically uses two different techniques to accomplish this:

• Scanning files view for known viruses become definitions in a virus dictionary.

• Identifying suspicious performance from anybody computer program which might indicate infection. Such analysis may include data captures, port monitoring, and other methods.

Clean CPU and tower:

• Regular computer cleaning is optional to prevent overheating and glitches caused by dust inside your CPU. In amalgamation to shorting out electronics, dust can act as an insulating coverlet and prevent heat be drowned and other components from cooling off. A few minutes of careful cleaning will remove the computer slaughter dust from your CPU's fans, heat sinks, electronics, and case, allowing the heat to dissolve and cool air to flow without hindrance all through your system.

Cleaning the computer:

• For a dust and grime-free CPU and tower we need some computer, cleaning find Anti-static wrist strap or anti-static mat/ Soft, lint-free cloth / Canned, compressed air / Mild soap powder result or spray /Q-tips, preferably foam / Computer vacuum (Optional) / CD Drive cleaner disk.

How to pure your computer CPU in ten easy steps:

• STEP ONE - Shut down the CPU and remove the power cord from the electrical channel.

• STEP TWO - Remove the power cord and cables from the rise of your computer.

• STEP THREE - Place your computer tower on a steady platform above the floor. A floor’s static charge may injury the computer, even a wood, vinyl floor.  It is ideal to do the cleaning outside the building, or in a maintenance shop due to the flying dust created.
• STEP FOUR - Clean external the of the computer case by gently dampening a textile with a mild soap way out and wiping off the dust. Use a computer vacuum, if obtainable to remove dust from the fans, air intake and exhaust areas at the rear of the computer.
• STEP FIVE - Open the computer case, using a screwdriver if required. If it is unclear how to open it, gingerly investigate the rear of the case for screws that may need to be indifferent. Or, as is the case of some current Dell computers there are large buttons on the top and bottom of the case that must be miserable before the side of the case swings open (see right). Characteristically, the left or right side of the case will come off, it will swing open kind of a hinge, or the main case will lift off its base in a single piece. Consult your owner’s manual.
• STEP SIX – Open the CD ROM drive tray and watchfully blow air in, and around the tray to dispel dust. Press a paper clip between the tiny hole down the CD tray to open it.
• STEP SEVEN – Put on an antistatic wrist strap and join it to an electrical ground, such as a metal plumbing fixture or the metal frame of tools you are servicing. This will make sure you do not damage sensitive electronics due to static discharge from your body. On the other hand, use an anti-static mat.
• STEP EIGHT – Clean the computer inside as well as around fan air intakes and exhaust (see photo) by staying canned air or compressed air at a space of at least two inches away and blowing away the dust. Clean fan plate, motherboard, and other areas. Supposing using canned air, use short puffs. Attack clumps of dirt from various corner to loosen. Take care not to touch anything inside of the case.

• STEP NINE - Put back the computer case cover.

• STEP TEN – Clean cables and power cords whilst they are disconnected. Lightly dampen a cloth with mild soap solution and carefully pull the cables and cords through the fabric. Too tight a grip may damage the cables. Dry the cables and power cords with a waterless cloth.

Cleaning your computer room regularly is important. Make sure all equipment is clothed first and attempt to decrease air-borne dust.

Your computer room conditions should be kept cool and relatively dry.
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